INTRODUZIONE GEOLOGIA APPLICATA COSTRUZIONI (Appunti dalle lezioni del Prof. Calvino, a cura di Alessandro Tomaselli)

GEOLOGIA APPLICATA

            ESPLORAZIONE SOTTOSUOLO

            MATERIALI LAPIDEI DA COSTRUZIONE

            GEOTECNICA

            MECCANICA  ROCCE

            FRANE

            OPERE SOSTEGNO

            FONDAZIONI

            GEOLOGIA VIE COMUNICAZIONE

            GEOLOGIA OPERE IDRAULICHE

FASI COSTRUZIONI

            FATTIBILITA`

            PROGETTO DI MASSIMA

            PROGETTO DEFINITIVO

            PROGETTO ESECUTIVO

            REALIZZAZIONE

           

I - ESPLORAZIONE SOTTOSUOLO

                1 - RICERCHE SUPERFICIE

                               ACCURATO RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO

                                               METODO

                                                               AFFIORAMENTI

                                                               STRATI

                                                                              POTENZA

                                                                              GIACITURA 

                                                               PROFILI GEOLOGICI

                                                                              GEOMETRIA PROIETTIVA

                                               LIMITI

                                                               PERCENTUALE AFFIORAMENTO

                                                               DEFORMAZIONI SUPERFICIALI

                                                               SUPERFICI DISCORDANTI

                                                               ETEROPIE FACIES

                               ESPLORAZIONE DA AEROMOBILI

                               STUDIO FOTO AEREE

                2 - PROSPEZIONI GEOFISICHE

                               a) METODI GRAVIMETRICI

                               b) METODI SISMICI

                                               RIFLESSIONE

                                               RIFRAZIONE

                                               MODULO ELASTICITA` DINAMICO Edyn=V2D (VELOCITA` ONDE*DENSITA`)

                                                               DOWN HOLE

                                                               CROSS HOLE

                               c) METODI MAGNETOMETRICI

                               d) METODI ELETTRICI

                               e) METODI RADIOMETRICI

                               f) METODI GEOTERMICI

                3 - SCAVI GEOGNOSTICI

                4 - PERFORAZIONI E SONDAGGI

                               SCOPI

                                               a) ESPLORAZIONE

                                               b) RICERCA

                                               c) ESTRAZIONE

                                               d ) SCOPI SPECIALI

                                                               PERMEABILITA`

                                                               FREATIMETRIA

                                                               CLINOMETRIA

                                                               DRENAGGI

                                                               AERAZIONI

                                                               SALVATAGGI

                               METODI E MEZZI PERFORAZIONE

                                               MANUALI

                                               MECCANICI

                               5 - INDAGINI TECNICHE E GEOFISICHE IN FORO

                               6 - ASSISTENZA GEOLOGICA ALLE PERFORAZIONI

                7 - GEOLOGIA SOTTOSUOLO

 

II - MATERIALI LAPIDEI DA COSTRUZIONE

                A - PROPRIETA` TECNICHE ROCCE

                NORME

                               ASTM (AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR TESTING MATERIAL)

                               BS (BRITISH STANDARDS)

                               1 - PESI SPECIFICI

                               2 - POROSITA` E PERMEABILITA`

                               3 - PROPRIETA` TERMICHE

                                4 - CARATTERISTICHE MECCANICHE

                                               a) RESISTENZA ALLA COMPRESSIONE

                                               b) RESISTENZA ALLA TRAZIONE

                                               c ) RESISTENZA AL TAGLIO

                                               d) RESISTENZA ALLA FLESSIONE

                                               e) RESISTENZA ALL`URTO

                                               f) DUREZZA

                                               g) DIVISIBILITA`

                               5 - COLORE

                                               PIGMENTI

                                                               a) ORGANICI

                                                               b) LIMONITICI

                                                               c) LIMONITICO-EMATITICI

                                                               d) EMATITICI

                                                               e) EMATITICO-MANGANESIFERI

                                                               f) A SILICATI VERDI

                               6 - DUREVOLEZZA

                                               a) FATTORI ATTIVI

                                               b) FATTORI PASSIVI

                                               c) PROVE DUREVOLEZZA

                                               d) MEZZI DI PROTEZIONE

                B - PRINCIPALI IMPIEGHI DELLE ROCCE NELLE COSTRUZIONI

                               1 - MURATURE

                               2 - RIVESTIMENTI

                               3 - COPERTURE

                               4 - PAVIMENTI

                               5 - ORNAMENTAZIONI

                                               PER COSA SI USANO

                                                               DECORAZIONI

                                                               RIVESTIMENTI LUSSUOSI

                                                               FREGI

                                                               MODANATURE

                                                               OPERE DI SCULTURA

                                                               PIANI DI MOBILI

                                               QUALI ROCCE

MIGLIORI ORNAMENTALI

                               SELEZIONATE IN BASE A

DISEGNO

DISTRIBUZIONE COLORI

                                                               ES. : ONICE

CALCARE CONCREZIONALE TRASLUCIDO VARIAMENTE COLORATO E VARIEGATO              

                                               LAVORAZIONE

                                                               LUCIDATE

                               6 - SOPRASTRUTTURE STRADALI

                                               a) MASSICCIATE SEMPLICI

                                               b) MASSICCIATE FERROVIARIE

                                               c) MASSICCIATE ASFALTATE

                                               d) PAVIMENTAZIONI IN PIETRA

                               7 - SCOGLIERE E MOLI

                               8 - INERTI PER CALCESTRUZZO

                C - APERTURA E COLTIVAZIONE CAVE

                               1 - CAVE MATERIALI SCIOLTI

                               2 - CAVE MATERIALI LAPIDEI

 

II APPENDICE - GEOLOGIA DELLE MATERIE PRIME INDUSTRIALI

1)    CALCI

                               AEREE

                               IDRAULICHE

                                               INDICE DI IDRAULICITA’

                               VIVE

                               SPENTE O IDRATE

                               GRASSE

                               MAGRE

                               FORTI

2)    POZZOLANE

3)    CEMENTI

                               NATURALI

ARTIFICIALI

                PORTLAND

CLINKER

                                               COSTITUITO DA

                                                               ALITE

                                                               BELITE

                                                               CELITE

4)    GESSO

5)    LATERIZI

                               SI CUOCIONO

                                               ARGILLE GRASSE

                                               ARGILLE MAGRE

                               IMPURITA’ NOCIVE

                                               CARBONATI

                                                               DI Ca

                                                               DI Mg

                                               SOLFATI E SOLFURI

                                               SOSTANZE ORGANICHE

                                               FELDISPATI, MICHE, IDROSSIDI DI FERRO, ALCALI

6) PRODOTTI CERAMICI

                               A PASTA POROSA

                                               TERRECOTTE

                                               TERRAGLIE

                                               MAIOLICHE

                               A PASTA COMPATTA

                                               GRES

               NATURALI

               PORCELLANE

7) VETRI E SMALTI

8) REFRATTARI

ARGILLE REFRATTARIE

BAUXITE

QUARZO

MAGNESITE

CROMITE

GRAFITE

TERRE DA FONDERIA

 

III - ELEMENTI DI GEOTECNICA

                1 - ANALISI, PROPRIETA’ E CLASSIFICAZIONE TERRE

                               TERRA: AGGREGATO ELEMENTI MINERALI SEPARABILI PER AGITAZIONE ANCHE IN ACQUA

                                               GRANA

GROSSOLANA:

                               ANALISI GRANULOMETRICA

                                                                                              GHIAIA (gravel)

                                                                                                              76,20mm (3’’ASTM)>f>4,76mm (n.4)

                                                                                              SABBIA (sand)

                                                                                                              4,76mm (n.4)>f>0,074mm (n.200)

                                                               FINE

                                                                              LIMO (silt)

                                                                                              DIMENSIONI

0,074mm (n.200)>f>0,002mm

                                                                                              PLASTICITA’ E COESIONE

                                                                                                              scarsa o nulla

                                                                              ARGILLA (clay)

DIMENSIONI

f<0,002mm

                               PLASTICITA’ E COESIONE

                                               ALTA

               MISTA CON ORGANICA

                               COLORE

                                               marrone

                               COMPRESSIBILITA’ 

                                               aumenta

                                               COESIONE

SE ASCIUTTE RESISTONO A TRAZIONE                                                 ALLORA TERRE COERENTI O COESIVE

                                                               SE NO TERRE INCOERENTI           

a) PROPRIETA’ TERRE                   

se devono attribuite ai singoli componenti

prove di laboratorio su campione rimaneggiato

se devono essere attribuite all’insieme

               prove

                               di laboratorio su campione indisturbato

                               in situ

GRANULOMETRIA

               ANALISI GRANULOMETRICA

                               X FRAZIONE GROSSOLANA

VIA MECCANICA

                                                              SETACCI

                                                                              UNI

                                                                              BS

                                                                              ASTM

                                                                                              3” (76,2mm)

                                                                                              n.4 (4,76mm)

                                                                                              n.200 (0,074mm)

SETACCI ASTM

PESO SETACCIO (g)

PESO SETACCIO + TERRA (g)

TERRENO TRATTENUTO (PESO %)

TERRENO TRATTENUTO (PESO % CUMULATIVO)

PASSANTE (PESO %)

9,52mm (3”/8)

599,26

622,9

11,57

11,57

88,43

4,76mm (n.4)

553,37

576,7

11,43

23,00

77,00

....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

0,074mm (n.200)

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

 

% PASSANTE

100

 

 

 

 

 


60

 

 

 

 

10

0

               

100                         10                           1                             0,1                          0,01                        0,001             0,0001     0,00001

DIAMETRO (mm)

 

                                               LIMITI DI ATTERBERG

LIMITE LIQUIDITA’

                               CUCCHIAIO DI CASAGRANDE

                                               3 PROVE IN CUI SI MISURA W E N. COLPI PER CHIUDERE SOLCO

LIMITE PLASTICITA’

                               CILINDRETTO 3mm,

                                               QUANDO SI SCREPOLA SI PESA PRIMA E DOPO ESSICAZIONE

LIMITE RITIRO

                                                               INDICE DI PLASTICITA’ IP = wl - wP

b) CLASSIFICAZIONE TERRE

                                              

                                               DIAGRAMMA TRIANGOLARE MISSISSIPI COMMISSION

                                                               SABBIA, ARGILLA, LIMO

                                               CASAGRANDE

                                                               grafico indice plasticita’ /limite liquido

                                               AASHO

                                               X COSTRUZIONI STRADALI (SOTTOFONDI) 7 gruppi

                                                               GRANULOMETRIA

                                                               LIMITE DI LIQUIDITA’

                                                               INDICE PLASTICITA’

                                                               INDICE DI GRUPPO

                                               USBR

                                                               grossolane

                                                                              x granulometria e assortimento (sigla, es. Sand Well graded=SW)

                                                               fini

                                                                              x limiti e diagramma di Casagrande (IP-WL)

                2 - ACQUA NEL TERRENO

a)    PERMEABILITA’

b)    PRESSIONE INTERSTIZIALE

                3 - COMPORTAMENTO MECCANICO TERRE

a)     COMPATTAZIONE

b)    SFORZI E DEFORMAZIOMI

PROVE CON EDOMETRO

PROVE DI TAGLIO DIRETTO

FORMULA COULOMB  t = c + p tg j

                               t =RESISTENZA AL TAGLIO

                               c =COESIONE

                               p =PRESSIONE NORMALE

j=ANGOLO DI ATTRITO

                               APPARECCHIO DI CASAGRANDE

                               DA’ c E j

                                               PROVINO

                                               INDISTURBATO O RICOSTITUITO, PRISMATICO

                                               TELAI

                                               DUE SOVRAPPOSTI SCORREVOLI

                                               SFORZI

                                                              COMPRESSIONE P

                                                                              VARI VALORI p = P/A IN ASCISSA

                                                                                              A = SUPERFICIE PROVINO

                                                              ORIZZONTALE DI TAGLIO T

                                                                              VARI VALORI t =T/A ROTTURA ORDINATA

FORMULA TERZAGHI t = c I  + (p - u) tg jI

                               t =RESISTENZA AL TAGLIO

                               c I  =COESIONE IN TERMINI DI PRESSIONE EFFETTIVA

                               p =PRESSIONE NORMALE

u =PRESSIONE NEUTRA

jI=ANGOLO DI ATTRITO IN TERMINI DI PRESSIONE EFFETTIVA

PROVE TRIASSIALI

c) PROVE IN SITU

             4 - EQUILIBRIO PLASTICO TERRE

                5 - STABILITA’  SCARPATE IN TERRA E PENDII NATURALI

a)    STABILITA’ DI PENDII ILLIMITATI

               COEFFICIENTE DI SICUREZZA

FORZA RESISTENTE/FORZA AGENTEB

 

IV - MECCANICA DELLE ROCCE

ROCCIA: AGGREGATO MINERALI COESIVI PERMANENTEMENTE

CLASSIFICAZIONI AMMASSO ROCCIOSO

CL. BENIAWSKY, PARAMETRO BMR (BASE MASS RATING), LEGATO A c E j

                               RESISTENZA ROCCIA INTATTA

                RQD

                               IN UN METRO DI PERFORAZIONE

SOMMA PEZZI >10cm IN %

IN UN METRO DI PARETE ROCCCIOSA

               RQD=100e-0.1n (0.1n+1) (dove n = numero giunti per metro)

                SPAZIATURA GIUNTI

                CONDIZIONE GIUNTI

                                

                CONDIZIONI IDRAULICHE

CL. BARTON

CRITERIO DI BARTON (ANALISI DI STABILITA’)

LEGA LA TENSIONE DI TAGLIO DI PICCO tP (TENSIONE DI TAGLIO RESIDUA +ASPERITA’)

TENSIONE NORMALE sn  (RICAVABILE ANCHE DAL PESO)

ANGOLO DI ATTRITO RESIDUO ÆR  (DA UN GIUNTO SENZA ASPERITA’)

JRC = PARAMETRO DI RUGOSITA’ (DA PROFILOGRAFO, TILT, PULL E TAGLIO)

                               JCS = PARAMETRO DI RESISTENZA DELLE ASPERITA’ O

RESISTENZA A COMPRESSIONE MONOASSIALE DELLA LITOLOGIA DEL GIUNTO (POINT LOAD, SCLEROMETRO, PRESSA)

STRUMENTI

                PROFILOGRAFO

                APPARECCHIATURE DI TAGLIO

TILT TEST APPARATUS

                                               MISURA ANGOLI DI ATTRITO

                               PULL TEST APPARATUS

                                               MISURA ANGOLI DI ATTRITO IN CORRISPONDENZA DI FORTI ASPERITA’

                               SCATOLA DI TAGLIO

                                               DETERMINA LA RESISTENZA A SCORRIMENTO DI GIUNTI ROCCIOSI

                POINT LOAD TEST APPARATUS

                                               DETERMINA IL CARICO PUNTUALE LEGATO ALLA RESISTENZA A COMPRESSIONE UNIASSIALE

                SCLEROMETRO O MARTELLO DI SCHMIDT          

                               DETERMINA LA COMPRESSIONE A RESISTENZA UNIASSIALE

TEST DI MARKLAND

                RILEVA ELEMENTI LINEARI O PLANARI DIRETTORI DI SCIVOLAMENTO

                               PLOTTARE PIANO PENDIO

                               PLOTTARE CONO ANGOLO ATTRITO

                               PLOTTARE IMMERSIONI (ANCHE INTERSEZIONI DI PIANI)

                CIO’ CHE RICADE TRA PIANO PENDIO E CONO  (VERSO L’IMMERSIONE) E’ CRITICO

ATTENZIONE A RIBALTAMENTI (SUPERFICI VERTICALI) E AREE DI ERRORE

                              

V - MOVIMENTI SUOLO

                1 - CLASSIFICAZIONE FRANE                                                    

                               a) NATURA TERRENO                                                                                                                                                                  COMMISSIONE INTERMINISTERIALE ITALIANA DIFESA SUOLO

                                               T. ARGILLOSI

                                                               COLAMENTO

                                                               SCOSCENDIMENTO

                                               T. SCIOLTI

                                                               SMOTTAMENTO

                                               MAT. LAPIDEI

                                                               SCIVOLAMENTO

                                                               CROLLO

 

                              

                               b) SUPERFICIE DISTACCO

UNESCO (1993) – AGI (1993) – VARNES (1979)

                                                               CROLLI/RIBALTAMENTI

                                                               SCIVOLAMENTI/SCORRIMENTI

               FLUSSI (DI DETRITO s.l.=COLATE, COLAMENTI; DI ROCCIA = D. G.P.V.)

                                                               ESPANSIONI LATERALI

                                               PENTA

                                               S. PREESISTENTE

                                                               FRANE SENSO STRETTO               

                                                               GIUNTI DI STRATIFICAZIONE

                                                                              F. SLITTAMENTO

                                                               DISCONTINUITÀ

                                                                              F. ABBANDONO SEDE

                                               S. NEOFORMAZIONE                                                                                                                                                                    SCOSCENDIMENTI         

                                                               PIANA

                                                               CURVA

                                                               MULTIPLA

                                                               SPEZZATA

                                               S. NON NETTA                  

                                                               DEFORMAZIONE PLASTICA LAME, DA CREEP (MOTI LENTI) A FRANE

                                               S. MOTO VERTICALE      

                                                               SUBSIDENZE

                                                               MOTI LENTI

                                                                              AVVALLAMENTI

                                                               MOTI RAPIDI

                                                                              SPROFONDAMENTI

                                               S. MISTE

                                                               F. MISTE E MULTIPLE

               

 

                2 - CAUSE FRANE

                               a) MODIFICHE ESTERNE

                                               PRESSIONE

                                                               ORIZZONTALE

                                                                              DIMINUZIONE ESTERNA

                                                                                              MANCANZA CONTRASTO LATERALE SEMPRE X                                                                                                 ASPORTAZIONE UNGHIA

                                                                                              NATURALE

                                                                                                              FISICA

                                                                                                                             CORSI ACQUA

                                                                                                                             MARE

                                                                                                                             VENTO

                                                                                                                             GHIACCIO

                                                                                                              CHIMICA

                                                                                                                             ALTERAZIONE SUPERFICIALE                                                                                                                                 INCREMENTO PENDENZA X                                                                                                                                                      DISTACCO FRANA                                                                                                                                                        PRECEDENTE

                                                                                              ANTROPICA

                                                                                                              SEMPRE FISICA                                                                                                                                                                            SCAVI

                                                                                                             DEMOLIZIONE MURI

                                                                                                              SVASI RAPIDI

                                                                              AUMENTO INTERNO

                                                                                              O PRESSIONE LATERALE, SEMPRE NATURALE E X ACQUA                                                                                            ARTESIANA

                                                                                              CARSICA

                                                                                              INTERSTIZIALE CONGELAMENTO            

                                                                                              IDRATAZIONE ARGILLE

                                                               VERTICALE

                                                                              AUMENTO ESTERNO

                                                                                              SOVRACCARICO PENDIO

                                                                                              NATURALE

                                                                                                              PIOGGIA

                                                                                                              NEVE

                                                                                                              ACQUA SORGIVA

                                                                                                              DETRITI O ACCUMULO FRANA PRECEDENTE

                                                                                              ANTROPICO                      

                                                                                                              RILEVATI

                                                                                                              VEICOLI

                                                                                                              DISCARICHE

                                                                                                              PERDITA CONDOTTE

                                                                                                              CANALI

                                                                                                              SERBATOI                                                                                                                                                                                       EDIFICI

                                                                              DIMINUZIONE INTERNA

                                                                                              SEMPRE X EROSIONE PIEDE O SUBSTRATO                                                                                                                        (MANCANZA APPOGGIO)

                                                                                              NATURALE

                                                                                                              FISICA

                                                                                                                             SPROFONDAMENTO CAVERNE

                                                                                                                             ACQUA ASPORTA PARTICELLE MARNA O                                                                                                                                         ARGILLA PERDE RESISTENZA                                                                                                                                   SOTTO ACQUIFERO

                                                                                                              CHIMICA

                                                                                                                             ALTERAZIONE METEO

                                                                                                                             SOLUZIONE

                                                                                              ANTROPICA

                                                                                                              SEMPRE FISICA

                                                                                                              SOTTOESCAVAZIONE

                                                                                                              LAVORI SOTTERRANEI

                                                                                                                             GALLERIE

                                                                                                                             MINIERE

                                               AZIONI DINAMICHE

                                                               VIBRAZIONI

                                                               NATURALI

                                                                              TERREMOTI

                                                                                              SOVRACCARICO MASSE

                                                                                              LIQUEFAZIONI                                 

                                                               ANTROPICHE

                                                                              ESPLOSIONI

                                                                              TRAFFICO

                                               AZIONI TETTONICHE

                                                               SOLO NATURALI

                                                               INCREMENTO PENDIO

                                                               SCOPERTURA SUPERFICI FAGLIA

 

                              

                               b) MODIFICHE INTERNE                                                                                                                                                                              DEFICIENZE RESISTENZA TAGLIO

                                               1) CARATTERI INTRINSECI E ORIGINARI DELLA ROCCIA SFAVOREVOLI

                                                               NATURA ROCCIA

                                                                              1) ARGILLA O ROCCIA ARGILLOSA

                                                                              2) R. ALTERATA

                                                                              3) RICCA FILLOSILICATI

                                                                                              MICA

                                                                                              CLORITI

                                                                                              TALCO

                                                                                              GLAUCONITE

                                                                              4) TERRE ORGANICHE

                                                               TESSITURA

                                                                              1) BASSA DENSITÀ RELATIVA

                                                                                              ARGILLE MOLLI

                                                                                              SABBIE

                                                                                              LIMI SCIOLTI

                                                                                              DISCARICHE NON COMPATTATE

                                                                                              TERRE CON FELTRO ORGANICO

                                                                              2) ELEVATA SFERICITÀ GRANULI O CIOTTOLI

                                                                                              BASSO ANGOLO ATTRITO

                                                               STRUTTURA

                                                                              1) DISCONTINUITÀ

                                                                                              FAGLIE

                                                                                              GIUNTI

                                                                                                              STRATIFICAZIONE

                                                                                                              SCISTOSITÀ

                                                                                              DIACLASI

                                                                                              ZONE MILONITICHE

                                                                                              FESSURE IN ARGILLE COMPATTE

                                                                              2) FLESSIONE SUPERFICIALE STRATI (SCOSCENDIMENTI                                                                                                              UNCINO)

                                                                              3) INTERCALAZIONI POCO RESISTENTI O PLASTICHE

                                                                              4) STRATI A FRANAPOGGIO (ANGOLO MINORE DEL PENDIO)

                                                                              5) ALTERNANZA STRATI PERMEABILI E IMPERMEABILI

                                               2) VARIAZIONI SOPRAGGIUNTE

                                                               AZIONI

                                                                              FISICHE

                                                                                              GELO  (DISGREGAZIONE)

                                                                                              SBALZI TERMICI  (DISGREGAZIONE)

                                                                                              ESSICCAMENTO E RITIRI IN ARGILLE CON FESSURAZ.

                                                                              CHIMICHE

                                                                                              IDRATAZIONE MINERALI ARGILLOSI

                                                                                              SCAMBIO BASI NELLE ARGILLE (QUICK CLAYS)

                                                                                              SOLUZIONE CEMENTO ROCCE CLASTICHE

                                                               AUMENTO PRESSIONE INTERSTIZIALE

                                                                              1) SOLLEVAMENTO RELATIVO SUP PIEZOMETRICA O FREATICA

                                                                              2) SATURAZIONE IN ACQUA MATERIALI UMIDI (VIA COESIONE                                                                                               APPARENTE)

                                                                              3) FLUSSO IDRICO VERSO PIEDE VERSANTE

                                                               CAMBIAMENTI STRUTTURA

                                                                              1) APERTURA FESSURE DECOMPRESSIONE IN ROCCE LAPIDEE O                                                                                                              ARGILLE PRECONSOLIDATE

                                                                                              X SCAVI PROFONDI

                                                                                              X EROSIONE RAPIDA INCISIONI VALLIVE

                                                                              2) PERDITA COESIONE IN ARGILLE SENSITIVE

                                                                                              X RIMANEGGIAMENTO NATURALE

                                                                                              X RIMANEGGIAMENTO ARTIFICIALE     

                3 - INDAGINI STABILITÀ PENDII

                               a) STUDI

                                               RILEVAMENTO

                                                               GEOLOGICO

                                                               STRUTTURALE

                                                                              ANALISI STATISTICA GIACITURE PIANI

                                                                                              STRATIFICAZIONE

                                                                                              SCISTOSITÀ

                                                                                              LITOCLASI

                                                                                              LEPTOCLASI (FRATTURE PIANE MODESTA ENTITÀ)

                                                               IDROGEOLOGICO

                                                               MORFOLOGICO

                                                                              DISSESTI SUOLO

                                                                                              CREPACCI

                                                                                              SOLCHI

                                                                                              DEPRESSIONI

                                                                                              RIGONFIAMENTI

                                                                                              POSITURA VEGETAZIONE ARBOREA

                                                                                              STATO OPERE UOMO

                                                                              PALEOFRANE

                                                                                              ANCHE CON FOTO AEREE

                                                                              FRANOSITÀ PERIODICA O TRASCORSA

                                                                                              ABITANTI LUOGO

                                                               GEOTECNICO

                                                                              ANALISI PENETROMETRICHE

                                                                               SONDAGGI MECCANICI

                                                                              MATERIALE SCIOLTO

                                                                                              CONTENUTO ACQUA

                                                                                              LIMITI

                                                                                                              LIQUIDITÀ

                                                                                                              PLASTICITÀ

                                                                                              RESISTENZA

                                                                                                              COMPRESSIONE SEMPLICE

                                                                                                              TAGLIO

                                                                                              X RICONOSCERE MINERALI ARGILLOSI

                                                                                                              ANALISI TERMODIFFERENZIALE

                                                                                                              DIFFRATTOMETRIA

                                                                                              X CAPACITÀ RIGONFIAMENTO FRAZIONI FINI

                                                                                                              PASSANTE SETACCIO N.40

                                                               GEOFISICO

                                                                              SISMICA RIFRAZIONE

                                                                              GEOELETTRICA

                               b) ANALISI CINEMATICA                                                                                                                                                                          (SPOSTAMENTI) X  DELIMITARE AREA, EVENTUALE SUP. SCORR., X VALUTAZIONE                                             MASSE, X CALCOLI E PROVVEDIMENTI

                                               MISURE

                                                               SUPERFICIE

                                                                              CONTROLLO PERIODICO POSIZIONE

CAPOSALDI

                                                                              CONTROLLO       SPOSTAMENTI

                                                                                              ORIZZONTALE

                                                                                              VERTICALE

                                                                                              FESSURIMETRI

 DIAGRAMMA

                                                               PROFONDITÀ

                                                                              FORI DI SONDA

                                                                                              INDICATORI ROTTURA

                                                                                                              A RESISTENZA ELETTRICA X CALCOLO                                                                                                                 PROFONDITÀ TRANCIAMENTO

                                                                                                              FORO

                                                                                                              RIVESTIMENTO

                                                                                              STRUMENTI MISURA SPOSTAMENTO FORO

                                                                                                              ESTENSIMETRI A FILO

                                                                                                                             A LUNGA BASE X MISURA SPOSTAMENTO                                                                                                                           RELATIVO ESTREMITÀ FORO

                                                                                                              DEFLETTOMETRI A SONDA CALATI IN GUIDE                                                                                                   RIVESTIMENTO PLASTICA

                                                                                                                             MISURA DEVIAZIONE ASSE                                                                                                                                                       VERTICALE

                                                                                                                             COMPONENTE X

                                                                                                                             COMPONENTE Z

                                               SCHEMI CINEMATICI                                                    

                                                               SCORRIMENTO ROTAZIONALE

                                                                              SEMPLICE

                                                                              MULTIPLO

                                                               SLITTAMENTO PIANO

                                                               COLAMENTO VISCOSO

                                                                              SENZA PIANO SCORRIMENTO

                                                                              CON PIANO SCORRIMENTO                                                                                                                                      SCOSCENDIMENTO SECONDARIO

                                                                              SU FRANA PRINCIPALE

                                                                              FIANCHI

                                                                              PARTE ALTA

                                                                             

                               c) CALCOLI STABILITÀ

                                               FRANAMENTO NON AVVENUTO

                                                               COEFFICIENTE SICUREZZA ( v r =vedi rubrica)

                                               FRANAMENTO AVVENUTO

                                                               POSSIBILITÀ ESTENSIONE

                                                               INFLUENZA INTERVENTI

 

                4 - INTERVENTI PENDII INSTABILI

                               SE POSSIBILE EVITARE LA ZONA

                                               ES. X STRADA VARIANTE

                                                               ALL'ESTERNO

                                                               IN GALLERIA

                               SE NO COME COSTRUIRE IN ZONA INSTABILE

                                               SE ZONA POCO ESTESA

                                                               SCAVALCAMENTO

                                                                              PONTE

                                                                              VIADOTTO

                                               SE ZONA GRANDE

                                                               O STRUTTURE DEFORMABILI

                                                                              GALLEGGIANTI

                                                                              RICCHE GIUNTI

                                                               E OPERE SOSTEGNO IN GABBIONATE

                                                                              DEFORMABILI

                                                                              PERMEABILI      

                                                               O STRUTTURE RIGIDE DIMENS.RESISTENTI SPINTE

                                                                              MURI MASSICCI

                                                                                              ANCORAGGI PALI OBLIQUI

                                                                                              FONDAZIONI

                                                                                                              PALI OBLIQUI

                                                                                                               PROF. TERRENO STABILE

                                                                                                              A POZZO ELLITTICO ARMATO

                                                                                                              SU PALI LUBRIFICATI CON GHIAIA NELLO                                                                                                                          SPINGENTE

                                                               O DIFESA PASSIVA STRADA

                                                                              RETI METALLICHE SCARPATA CONTRORIPA

                                                                              PARAMASSI TRAIETTORIE DETRITI

                                                                              GALLERIA ARTIFICIALE

                                O COME STABILIZZARE IL PENDIO

                               a) DRENAGGI

                                               X TOGLIERE ACQUA

                                               SUPERFICIALI

                                                               FOSSI GUARDIA

                                                                              CONTRO RUSCELLAMENTO

                                                               CAPTAZIONE SORGENTI

                                                               CANALI SCOLO

                                                                              RETICOLATO-PIETRE

                                                               COPERTURE IMPERMEABILI (18)

                                                                              TERRENI SCIOLTI

                                                                                              FOGLI PLASTICA

                                                                                                              PROVVISORI

                                                                                              LAMIERE METALLICHE

                                                                              ROCCIA LAPIDEA

                                                                                              SEMPRE IN PRESSIONE

                                                                                              MALTA CEMENTO

                                                                                                              GUNITE

                                                                                              BETONCINO

                                                                                                              SPRITZ BETON

                                               PROFONDI

                                                               SEZ. NON CIRCOLARE

                                                                              TRINCEE

                                                                                              TANTA ACQUA

                                                                              SCHERMI IMPERMEABILI

                                                                                              A.SOTTERRANEA

                                                                                              PARATIE

                                                                                                              PALI

                                                                                                                             ACCOSTATI

                                                                                                                             SECANTI

                                                                                                              PANNELLI CALCESTRUZZO

                                                                                              VELI                                                     

                                                                                                              INIEZIONI CEMENTO

                                                                                                              SOSTANZE IMPERMEABILIZZANTI

                                                                                                              ARGILLA                            

                                                               SEZ. CIRCOLARE

                                                                              GALLERIE

                                                                                              TANTA ACQUA

                                                                              DRENI

                                                                                              TUBOLARI SUBORIZZONTALI

                                                                                                              SUOLO PERMEABILE                                                                                                                                                                  TUBI FENESTRATI

                                                                                                              TUBI MICROFESSURATI

                                                                                              VERTICALI

                                                                                                              POZZI CON POMPE

                                                                                                                             PROVVISORI X URGENZA

                                                                                                              PALI SABBIA

                                                                                                                             ESPULSIONE A. VERSO SUP.

                               b) MIGLIORAMENTI EQUILIBRIO (AUMENTANO COEFF. SICUREZZA)

                                               ALLEGGERIMENTI                                                          

                                                               DIMINUZIONE

                                                                              CARICO NATURALE

                                                                              SOVRACCARICO

                                                               DISGAGGIO (PROVOCARE CADUTA PARTI INSTABILI)

                                               MURI SOSTEGNO (SCARICANO A VALLE COMPONENTE ORIZ. PRES. TERRA

                                                               SE TERRENI SPINGENTI

                                                                              A CAMPIONI

                                                                                              UNO FIANCO L'ALTRO

                                                                                              UNO SOPRA L'ALTRO, SOTTOSCAVANDO, SOTTOMUR.

                                               ANCORAGGI O TIRANTI (SCARICANO A MONTE)

                                                               CAVI IN FORI POCO INCLINATI, ESTREMITÀ INT. CEMENTATA IN                                                                                            ROCCIA RESISTENTE, EST. PIASTRA, PRE-TENSIONE CON                                                                                              MARTINETTI PER COMPRIMERE MATERIALE; INTERVALLO <1/3                                                                               LUNGHEZZA

                                               SE FORTI PENDENZE (b>40°)

                                                               ADDOLCIMENTO PENDIO (DIMINUIRE b)

                                                               GRADONATURA (BASSE PARETI, STRETTI TERRAZZI ALTERNATI)

                                               SE SCOSCENDIMENTO BASE

                                                               CARICO PIEDE (AUMENTA MOMENTO RESISTENTE IN CERCHIO C.)

                                                                              RILEVATO

                                                                                              TERRA

                                                                                              PIETRAME

                                                                              GABBIONATA

                                               SE PICCOLE MASSE LAPIDEE O LASTRONI FRANAPOGGIO

                                                               CHIODATURE IN FORI (LAVORANO A TAGLIO)

                                                                              TONDINI FERRO

                                                                              MICROPALI

                                               SE PICCOLE FRANE

                                                               PALIFICATE (ANCHE CON TIRANTI SUB-ORIZZONTALI)

 

                               c) MIGLIORAMENTO MATERIALI

                                               SOSTITUZIONE

                                                               PICCOLI VOLUMI - CATTIVO MATERIALE                                                                                                                             ES. ARGILLA MOLLE O TORBA

                                               ARCHI PIETRAME A SECCO                                                                                                                                       INCASSATI X TERRE

                                               INIEZIONI

                                                               PRUDENZA P. INTERSTIZIALE - CONSOLIDANO - IMPERMEABILIZZANO

                                                               BOIACCA CEMENTO

                                                               MALTA CEMENTO

                                                               SILICATO DI NA

                                                               RESINE

                                                               GEL SILICE

                                               ELETTROOSMOSI

                                                               TERRENI POCO PERMEABILI, NON PER TERRENI DI FONDAZIONI DI                                                                        EDIFICI PREESISTENTI PERCHÈ PROVOCA DIM.VOLUME - PASSAGGIO                                                   CORRENTE ELETTRICA - A.MIGRA AI CATODI DONDE È INCANALATA.

                                                               ANODI NON ALLUMINIO

                                                               ANODI ALLUMINIO

                                                                              AL SI CORRODE E IONI AL CONSOLIDANO IL TERRENO

                                               CONGELAMENTO

                                                               ARRESTA TEMP. A., RASSODA TERRENO - SI INFIGGONO TUBI

                                                               LIQUIDO REFRIGERANTE

                                                               AZOTO LIQUIDO                                                                            

                                                               X LAVORI ANCHE IN GALLERIA

                                                               SCAVO

                                                               SOSTEGNO

                                               TRATTAMENTO TERMICO

                                                               TERRENI ARGILLOSI

                                                               INIEZIONE GAS COMBUSTIONE 1000 °C IN FORI SONDA

                                               VIBRAZIONE

                                                              TERRE NON COESIVE

                                                               MEZZI VIBRANTI DI SUP.

                                                                              TERRE SUPERFICIALI (80-100 CM)                          

                                                               VIBROFLOTTAZIONE

                                                                              TESTA VIBRANTE CHE INIETTA A. IN PRESSIONE - LIQUEFAZIONE                                                                             LOCALE - AVANZAMENTO UTENSILE - COLONNA DI TERRA                                                                                           COMPATTA (Æ= 2.5 m) IN SITU + SCIOLTA IN DEPRESSIONE A                                                                                    CONO

                               d)RIMBOSCHIMENTO-INERBIMENTO                                                                                                                                     COLTRE VEGETALE MIGLIORA STABILITÀ-REGOLA CONTENUTO A. TERRENO-FRENA                                        VELOCITÀ A. SELVAGGE-RADICI ARMATURA RESISTENTE A TRAZIONE                              

                                               PIANTE ALTO FUSTO

                                                               DAL BASSO VERSO L'ALTO®SISTEMAZIONE IDRAULICA®VEGETAZIONE                                                               ERBACEA ® RIMBOSCHIMENTO

                                               SEMPLICI ERBE

                                                               DAL BASSO VERSO L'ALTO®SISTEMAZIONE IDRAULICA®                                                                                           VEGETAZIONE ERBACEA

 

                5 - DIFESA ACCUMULI EOLICI E STABILIZZAZIONE DUNE

                               DESCRIZIONE

                                               REGIONI ARIDE - ALTO TRASPORTO SABBIA EOLICO =f(v3vento) - VENTO SATURO                                    SABBIA SU OSTACOLO® TURBOLENZA® MENO VELOCITÀ® DEPOSITO ECCESSO                                            - TEMPESTA Æ =500KM®100MTON SABBIA- 95% PRIMI 25CM SUP. SOSPENSIONE                                          SALTAZIONE

                                               DUNE MOBILI

                                                               X DIREZ. VENTO DOMINANTE - VELOCITÀ SPOSTAMENTO                                                                             (3M/ANNO-30M/ANNO)

                                                               TRASVERSALI (BARCANE)

                                                               LONGITUDINALI (SEIF O IRQ)

                                               DEPOSITI FISSI 

                                                               X OSTACOLI EMERGENTI SUOLO - ACCRESCONO FINO ANGOLO ATTRITO                                                              (34°C)

                                                               X CESPUGLI

                                                               X ROCCE

                                                               X PARETI ROCCIOSE

                                                               DUNE COSTIERE                

                               DIFESA                

                                               1a) DISTRUZIONE

                                                               a) RIMOZIONE

                                                                              COSTA - DUNA VICINA OPERA

                                                                              ESCAVATORI

                                                                              TRASPORTATORI NASTRO

                                                               f) ASPERSIONI PETROLIO

                                                                              MEGLIO LEGGERO PIÙ PENETRANTE

                                                                              DOVE

                                                                                              CENTRO DUNE MOBILI

                                                                                              LATI DUNE MOBILI

                                                                                              SUP VENTO DOMINANTE

                                                                              PROTEGGONO

                                                                                              CON SIEPI A 20 VOLTE ALTEZZA DUNA

                                                                                              STRADE

                                                                                              FERROVIE

                                                                                              EDIFICI

                                               1b) STABILIZZAZIONE

                                                               PIANTAGIONE

                                                                              SPEC. X DUNE COSTIERE - ARRESTA O CONSOLIDA SABBIA

                                                                              PIANTE

                                                                                              ERBACEE

                                                                                              GRASSE

                                                                                              CESPUGLIOSE

                                                                                              ARBOREE

                                                                              METODI

                                                                                              FILARI

                                                                                              RETICOLI

                                                                                                              MAGLIA RETTANGOLARE

                                                                                                              MAGLIA ROMBICA

                                                                                                                             DOPO UN PO' ALTRE SPECIE                                                                                                                                    DENTRO LA MAGLIA

                                                                              ATTECCHIMENTO

                                                                                              CONCIMAZIONE

                                                                                              FISSAZ. PROVV.

                                                                                                              LEGANTI ES. ASFALTO

                                                                                                              IRRIGAZIONE

                                                               f) ASPERSIONI PETROLIO (VEDI SOPRA)

                                               2) DEVIAZIONE

                                                               b) INCISIONE

                                                                              ALTERA SIMMETRIA - VENTO COLMA VUOTI PRIMA DI SPOSTARE                                                                              DUNA - ES. AUTOSTRADA DESERTO YUMA, CALIFORNIA/ARIZONA

                                                                              TRINCEE LONGITUDINALI

                                                                              TRINCEE TRASVERSALI

                                                               e) PANNELLI O SIEPI

                                                                              SCHERMI

                                                                                              METALLICI

                                                                                              LEGNO

                                                                                              PLASTICA

                                                                                              MURATURA

                                                                              SIEPI ("PERMEABILI")

                                                                                              FRONDE PALMA ® TRE FILE® PROGRESSIVA                                                                                                                   SOPRAELEVAZIONE 1.5m PRIMA FILA® PROGRESSIVO                                                                                  AUMENTO ESPONENZIALE TEMPO DI SCAVALCAMENTO                                                                                              (20 SOPRAELEVAZIONI T=200 ANNI)

                                                                                              DIVERSIONE

                                                                                              ACCUMULO

                                                                              DISPOSTI A PROTEZ. OPERA                                                                                                                                                     OBLIQUI

                                                                                              A V

                                                                                              ORTOGONALI VENTO (TRAPPOLE SABBIA)

 

                                               3) FISSANDO SABBIA ORIGINE

                                                               c) PIANTAGIONE (VEDI SOPRA)

                                                               f) ASPERSIONI PETROLIO (VEDI SOPRA)

                                                               IRRIGAZIONE (PROVV.)

                                               4) AGEVOLANDO TRASPORTO EOL.

                                                               d) PAVIMENTAZIONE

                                                                              SUP. LISCE SABBIA NON FERMA - SU BANCHINE LATERALI DI                                                                                     CERTE AUTOSTRADE - STRADE PERFETTAMENTE PIANE, SE NO                                                                 ACCUMULI SOTTO VENTO

 

VI – OPERE DI SOSTEGNO

                MURI DI SOSTEGNO

                               A GRAVITA’

                               ARMATI

                PARATIE

                INFISSE NEL TERRENO PRIMA DELLO SCAVO FINO A SOTTO PIANO SCAVO

X SOSTENERE IL TERRENO CIRCOSTANTE

                STRUTTURA VERTICALE SOTTILE

                               CONTINUE

                                               PALANCOLE

                                                               PREFABBRICATE E INFISSE, POI ACCOSTATE

                                               DIAFRAMMI

                                                               PANNELLI IN CEMENTO ARMATO

                                                                              COME SI PROCEDE ?

                                                                                              SCAVO CON CIRCOLAZIONE DI FANGO BENTONITICO

                                                                                              PERCHE’ LA TRINCEA NON SI RICHIUDA NELLO SCAVO

                                                                                                              E’ LIQUIDO MA GELIFICA IN CONDIZ QUIETE

                               DISCONTINUE

                                               PALI

                                                               CHE TIPO ?

TRIVELLATI

                               ACCOSTATI

                               SECANTI

INFISSI

                                               COME SI PROCEDE ?

INSERIRE I PALI

POI SCAVARE

E ADDOSSARE CEMENTO AI PALI

                                                               ESEMPI ?

                                                                              MADRE DI DIO

                                                                                              ARGILLE E MARNE PLIOCENICHE

Þ PALAZZI MEDIEVALI LESIONATI

                                                                              METROPOLITANA MILANESE

                                                                                              SOSTEGNO FINO AL MARCIAPIEDE,

               SCAVO

CALOTTA

PIEDRITTI

CHIUSURA

                                                                             

VII – FONDAZIONI DI EDIFICI

                1 – FONDAZIONI DIRETTE                                                          

                2 – FONDAZIONI PROFONDE

                                               FORMULE STATICHE

                                               FORMULE DINAMICHE

                                               FORMULE PENETROMETRICHE

                                               PROVE DI CARICO SU PALO

3 – TIPI DI PALI

                a) PALI PREFABBRICATI E INFISSI

                b) PALI INFISSI E COSTRUITI IN OPERA SENZA ASPORTAZIONE DI TERRENO

                c) PALI TRIVELLATI

                               COME SI PROCEDE?

                                               COSTRUITI IN OPERA CON ASPORTAZIONE DI TERRENO

                               TIPI DI PALI TRIVELLATI

                                               MICROPALI

4 - CEDIMENTI FONDAZIONI

5 – SCELTA DEL TIPO DI FONDAZIONE

6 – NORME ITALIANE IN MATERIA DI FONDAZIONI

 

VIII - GEOLOGIA DELLE VIE DI COMUNICAZIONE

                1 - STRADE E FERROVIE

                               a) SCELTA TRACCIATO

                                               PROBLEMI DA RISOLVERE

                                                               1) CONOSCERE I DATI GEOLOGICI S.L.

                                                               2) DISPONIBILITA’ MATERIALI

                                                               3) CONOSCERE CAPACITA’ PORTANTE SOTTOFONDO NATURALE

                                                               4) DETERMINAZIONE MOVIMENTI DI TERRA

                                                                              BILANCIO SCAVI-RIPORTI

                                                               5) VALUTAZIONE SPESSORE DEGLI STRATI DI FONDAZIONE

                                                               6) CONDIZIONI GEOLOGICHE INTORNO AI MANUFATTI NECESSARI

                                                                              OPERE DI SOSTEGNO PRINCIPALI

                                                                              PONTI O VIADOTTI

                                                                              GALLERIE

                                                               7) MEZZI NECESSARI

                                                                              NEGLI SCAVI

                               b) PONTI E VIADOTTI

                               c) GALLERIE

                2 - GEOTECNICA STRADALE

                               a) RILEVATI STRADALI

                               b) FONDAZIONI STRADALI

                               c) TAGLI STRADALI

                               d) SOPRASTRUTTURE

                                               1) STRATO DI USURA (SOLO S. ASFALTATE)

                                               2) STRATO DI COLLEGAMENTO  (SOLO S. ASFALTATE)

                                               3) STRATO DI BASE

                                                               DI PIETRISCO

                                                               O DI GHIAIA

                                                               O CON TERRA STABILIZZATA

                                                                              ARTIFICIALMENTE

                                                                                              a) MECCANICAMENTE

                                                                                              b) CON CEMENTO

                                                                                              c) CON BITUME

                                                                                              d) CON LEGANTI

                                                                                                              RESINE

                                                                              NATURALE

                                                                                              CARATTERISTICHE

                                                                                                              GRANULOMETRIA ASSORTITA

                                                                                              ESEMPI

                                                                                                              LATERITE DEI PAESI TROPICALI

                                                                                                                             DOPO IL PASSAGGIO CON RULLO

                                               4) STRATO DI SOTTOFONDO

                                               5) SOTTOFONDO (STRATO DI FONDAZIONE, NON NE FA PARTE)

                                               6) TAVOLA USBR

                3 - AEROPORTI

               

IX - GEOLOGIA DELLE OPERE IDRAULICHE

A)  GEOLOGIA DELLE DIGHE E DEI SERBATOI DI RITENUTA

                               INDAGINI GEOLOGICHE

1 - SULLA STABILITA’ DELLE OPERE DI SBANCAMENTO

a)    ESAME MORFOLOGICO

b)    ESAME STRUTTURALE

c)    ESAME LITOLOGICO

                                               2 - SULLA TENUTA IDRAULICA DELLE SEZIONI DI SBANCAMENTO

a)    ESAME LITOLOGIO

b)    ESAME STRUTTURALE

                                               3 - TENUTA DEI BACINI D’INVASO

                                               4 - SULLA STABILITA’ DELLE SPONDE

                                               5 - SULL’INTERRIMENTO DEL BACINO D’INVASO

                                               6 - RELATIVE ALLE OPERE IDRAULICHE ACESSORIE

                                               7 - SUI MATERIALI DA COSTRUZIONE

                B - GEOLOGIA DEI CANALI

                C - GEOLOGIA DELLE OPERE PORTUALI

                               SE IL MARE HA GRANDE SVILUPPO DI MAREA

ESEMPI: ESTUARI, LAGUNE, STAGNI MARINIPORTI APERTI

DI SOLITO NON SI RICHIEDONO OPERE DI DIFESA

SE IL MARE HA PICCCOLO SVILUPPO DI MAREA

OPERE DI DIFESA

               UNICA DIGA

               DUE DIGHE

PARALLELE

CONVERGENTI

               UNA CCONVERGENTE E UN ANTEMURALE

UNA PRINCIPALE E UNA SECONDARIA

 

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